Financial Trouble: Frequently Asked Questions

If you answer yes to any one of the following questions, you should take action:

• Have you run several credit cards up to the limit?
• Do you frequently make only the minimum monthly payments?
• Do you apply for almost any credit card you are offered—without checking out the terms?
• Have you used the cash advance feature from one card to pay the minimum payment on another?
• Do you use cash advances (or a credit card) for living expenses such as food, rent, or utilities?
• Are you unable to say what your total debt is?
• Are you unable to say how long it would take you to pay off all your current debts (excluding mortgages and cars) at the rate you have been paying?

If you find several of these statements describe your credit habits, it may be that you need to take steps to manage your debt before bill collectors start calling and your credit history is endangered.

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Here are some specific steps you can take if you are in financial trouble.

• Review each debt that creditors claim you owe to make certain you really owe it, and that the amount is correct.
• Contact your creditors to let them know you're having difficulty making your payments. Tell them why you're having trouble. Try to work out an acceptable payment schedule with your creditors.
• Do not wait until your account is turned over to a debt collector. At that point, the creditor has given up on you. As soon as you find that you cannot make your payments, contact your creditors to try to work out a reduced payment plan.
• Budget your expenses. Create a spending plan that allows you to reduce your debts. Itemize your necessary expenses (such as housing and healthcare) and optional expenses (such as entertainment and vacation travel). Stick to the plan.
• Try to reduce your expenses. Cut out any unnecessary spending such as eating out and expensive entertainment. Consider taking public transportation rather than owning a car. Clip coupons, purchase generic products at the supermarket and avoid impulse purchases. Above all, stop incurring new debt. Consider substituting a debit card for your credit cards.
• Use your savings and other assets to pay down debts. Withdrawing savings from low-interest accounts to settle high-rate loans usually makes sense. Selling off a second car not only provides cash but also reduces insurance and other maintenance expenses.
• If you are unable to make satisfactory arrangements with your creditors, there are organizations to help you with your financial situation. For instance, Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) agencies, which are local, nonprofit organizations affiliated with the National Foundation for Consumer Credit (NFCC), provide education and counseling to families and individuals.
• To contact a CCCS office for confidential help, look in your telephone directory white pages, or call 1-800-431-8157 for an office near you. To contact the National Foundation for Consumer Credit Counseling and connect with an NFCC Certified Consumer Credit Counselor call 800-388-2227.
• Some people with debt problems have found that Debtors Anonymous, General Service Office, PO Box 920888, Needham, MA 02492-0009, 1-800-421-2383 has provided helpful service.
• Personal bankruptcy, a serious step, should be considered only if other means have been exhausted, and only if it is the best way to deal with financial problems. A skilled and trusted bankruptcy lawyer should be consulted.

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If you fall behind in paying your creditors, or an error is made on your accounts, you may be contacted by a "debt collector." The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act prohibits certain practices by debt collectors.

What to do: To stop a debt collector from calling you, write a letter to the collection agency telling them to stop. Once the agency receives your letter, it may not contact you again except to say there will be no further contact. Another exception is that the agency may notify you if the debt collector or the creditor intends to take some specific action.

If you believe a debt collector has violated the law by harassing you, you have the right to sue a collector in a state or federal court within one year from the date you believe the law was violated. The following practices are specifically prohibited.

Harassment, Oppression, or Abuse. For example, debt collectors may not:

• Use threats of violence or harm against the person, property, or reputation
• Publish a list of consumers who refuse to pay their debts (except to a credit bureau)
• Use obscene or profane language
• Repeatedly use the telephone to annoy someone
• Telephone people without identifying themselves
• Advertise your debt

False Statements. For example, debt collectors may not:

• Give false credit information about you to anyone
• Send you anything that looks like an official document from a court or government agency when it is not
• Use a false name
• Falsely imply that they are attorneys or government representatives
• Falsely imply that you have committed a crime
• Falsely represent that they operate or work for a credit bureau
• Lie about the amount of your debt
• Lie about the involvement of an attorney in collecting a debt
• Indicate that papers being sent to you are legal forms when they are not
• Indicate that papers being sent to you are not legal forms when they are
• Tell you that you will be arrested if you do not pay your debt
• Tell you they will seize, garnish, attach, or sell your property or wages, unless the collection agency or creditor intends to do so, and it is legal to do so
• Tell you that actions, such as a lawsuit, will be taken against you, which legally may not be taken, or which they do not intend to take

Unfair Practices. For example, collectors may not:

• Collect any amount greater than your debt, unless allowed by law
• Deposit a post-dated check prematurely
• Make you accept collect calls or pay for telegrams
• Take or threaten to take your property unless this can be done legally
• Contact you by postcard

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You have the following rights:

Banks.

If you have a complaint about a bank in connection with any of the Federal credit laws or if you think any part of your business with a bank has been handled in an unfair or deceptive way write the nearest office of the Federal Trade Commission or Consumer & Community Affairs, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 20th & Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20551.

Credit Clinics.

File a complaint with the Better Business Bureau, your state attorney general's office, and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

Debt Collectors.

Report any problems you have with a debt collector to your state Attorney General's office and the Federal Trade Commission.

Other Institutions.

The Federal Trade Commission enforces a number of federal laws involving consumer credit, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Fair Credit Billing Act, and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.

You may also take legal action against a creditor. If you decide to bring a lawsuit, here are the penalties a creditor must pay if you win:

Truth in Lending and Consumer Leasing Acts.

If any creditor fails to disclose information required under these Acts, or gives inaccurate information, or does not comply with the rules about credit cards or the right to cancel certain home-secured loans, you as an individual may sue for actual damages-any money loss you suffer. In addition, you can sue for twice the finance charge in the case of certain credit disclosures, or, if a lease is concerned, 25 percent of total monthly payments. You may also be entitled to reimbursement for court costs and attorney's fees.

Equal Credit Opportunity Act.

If you think you can prove that a creditor has discriminated against you for any reason prohibited by the Act, you as an individual may sue for actual damages plus punitive damages of up to $10,000.

Violations by Debt Collectors.

You have the right to sue a collector for violations under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act in a state or federal court within one year from the date you believe the law was violated. If you win, you may recover money for the damages you suffered. A group of people also may sue a debt collector and recover money for damages up to $500,000, or one percent of the collector's net worth, whichever is less.

Fair Credit Billing Act.

A creditor who breaks the rules for the correction of billing errors automatically loses the amount owed on the item in question and any finance charges on it, up to a combined total of $50- even if the bill was correct.

Fair Credit Reporting Act.

You may sue any credit reporting agency or creditor for breaking the rules about who may see your credit records or for not correcting errors in your file. A person who obtains a credit report without proper authorization or an employee of a credit reporting agency who gives a credit report to unauthorized persons may be fined up to $5,000 or imprisoned for one year, or both.

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